About 1:110 births results in a child who has autism. There is no one cause that anyone can agree on. There are many theories. Some of them have been disproven, others warrant further study. There are some theories that autism has solely prenatal cause, some say that it is exclusively postnatal, and yet others are that it is a combination of things.
One of the most prevalent theories in the past, and one that has been disproven many times, is the theory of the refrigerator mother. This theory said that autism was linked to childhood trauma, through bad parenting, specifically bad mothering. The mother was supposed to have withheld her affection from the child, thus being like a refrigerator. This theory was advanced by Bruno Bettleheim, and was disproven after his death.
There are three theories that actually belong in the class. That is that autism is caused by environmental causes like vaccines, thiomersal or the MMR vaccine. Thiomersal was an additive to vaccines that was phased out in the US in the 1990s. The MMR vaccine is a frequently accused culprit, although many proponents of these theories blame vaccines all together. There are a number of reasons that these three things have gotten the blame. One is that autism really starts to become apparent around 18-24 months old. Between 12-24 months old children get several vaccinations. There is a correlation there, but correlation doesn't equal causation. Another reason that this theory exists is because a British scientist said that he had proof that the MMR vaccine and thiomersal caused autism. His theory had followers, but there was no clear consensus. It has recently come out that he lied about his data to "prove" his theory. Most autism researchers say there is no link between these things and autism, but there are some, especially parents, who hang on to this theory.
Since autism is primarily about the connections in the brain being made in different ways, or not at all, another theory gaining popularity is that it is caused by an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease attacks the body itself. In this theory the immune disease attacks the brain. The causes could be viral infection at birth, or shortly thereafter, that causes the immune system to go wild and start attacking the body. The results that have been coming from studies based around this subject don't agree with each other.
Some hypotheses haven't had any study, or no significant study, even though they have followers. One is that autism is caused by vitamin D deficiency. Another is that autism is caused by excessive hygiene. That means that the child's environment is so clean that there in no exposure to anything, and that leads to autism.
There is one theory to autism. The most commonly accepted theories all agree that the cause might push a child who is already disposed to having autism into having full blown autism. There is plenty of continuing research into the suggested causes of autism, as well as cures or better treatments for people who have autism.
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